Bacteriological investigations (Investigasi bakteri)

Bacteriological investigations

Blood is cultured to detect and identify bacteria or other cultivable microorganisms (yeasts, filamentous fungi). The presence of such organisms in the blood is called bacteraemia or fungaemia, and is usually pathological. In healthy subjects, the blood is sterile. However, there are a few exceptions: transient bacteraemia often occurs shortly after a tooth extraction or other dental or surgical manipulation of contaminated mucous membranes, bronchoscopy, or urethral catheterization. This type of transient bacteraemia is generally due to commensal bacteria and usually resolves spontaneously through phagocytosis of the bacteria in the liver and spleen. Septicaemia is a clinical term used to describe bacteraemia with clinical manifestations of a severe infection, including chills, fever, malaise, toxicity, and hypotension, the extreme form being shock. Shock can be caused by toxins produced by Gram-negative rods or Gram-positive cocci.

When and where bacteraemia may occur

Kapan dan di mana bakteremia dapat terjadi

Bacteraemia is a feature of some infectious diseases, e.g. brucellosis, leptospirosis and typhoid fever. Persistent bacteraemia is a feature of endovascular infections, e.g. endocarditis, infected aneurysm and thrombophlebitis.

Bakteremia adalah fitur dari beberapa penyakit menular, misalnya brucellosis, leptospirosis dan demam tifoid. Bakteremia persisten adalah fitur dari infeksi endovascular, misalnya endokarditis, terinfeksi aneurisma dan tromboflebitis.

Transient bacteraemia often accompanies localized infections such as arthritis, bed sores, cholecystitis, enterocolitis, meningitis, osteomyelitis, peritonitis, pneumonia, pyelonephritis, and traumatic or surgical wound infections. It can arise from various surgical manipulations, but usually resolves spontaneously in healthy subjects.

 

Sumber bacaan:

Basic laboratory procedures in clinical bacteriology

 

Picture: Multiple orf lesions. Image provided by DermNet NZ

Banyak infeksi yang dulu lazim di pedesaan Selandia Baru kini telah dimusnahkan, misalnya parasit hidatidosa dan brucellosis. Namun, beberapa infeksi, misalnya leptospirosis, dan Listeria, yang kadang-kadang masih terlihat di masyarakat pedesaan. Leptospirosis, campylobacter enterocolitis, salmonella enterocolitis, cryptosporidiosis dan giardiasis adalah infeksi jarang didapat. Baru-baru ini paling umum di temukan di Selandia Baru, telah dibahas dalam artikel sebelumnya infeksi dipedesaan. Untuk mengumpulkan daftar infeksi pedesaan lainnya, kami telah dikategorikan mereka dengan faktor risiko utama mereka, yaitu:

1.      Konsumsi makanan yang belum diproses dan air yang tidak diobati

2.      Paparan hewan

3.      Paparan tanaman atau tanah

Articles sources: http://www.bpac.org.nz/BT/2014/May/ruralroundup.aspx